Assess the argument that a new era of automation is leading to higher Term Paper

Evaluate the contention that another time of robotization is prompting higher imbalance and undermining the social request - Term Paper Example By and by, the way that innovation has likewise brought about the loss of occupations and cutback of certain workers over the span of making effectiveness inside associations is additionally a reality that can't be denied. The significant trouble along these lines emerges in the endeavor to adjust the positive effects and the negative effects of innovation on financial advancement, work and the ensuing social change. Along these lines, while the advocates of the contention that mechanical mechanization is probably going to make higher joblessness going ahead are pitching their contention on the negative impacts that innovation has made verifiably, the rivals of this contention counter it with pointing at the constructive outcomes of business creation emerging from innovative computerization. By and large, there is no single industry in the worldwide economy that has not felt the effects of mechanical changes that have made robotization and supplanted manual procedures. The distinction radiates from the way that; while mechanical mechanization has well influenced certain businesses, it has influenced different enterprises ominously (EMSI, n.p.). In this manner, regardless of whether mechanical mechanization increments or diminishes joblessness, is all subject to which industry is influenced. For instance, an examination embraced by the Economic Modeling Specialists International (EMSI) to survey the effect of mechanization on work misfortunes in various enterprises showed that the travel industry in the USA has lost 24% of its positions by laying-off 38,000 laborers somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2014 (EMSI, n.p.). In any case, the web advertising industry made 99,000 new openings between a similar multi year time span running somewhere in the range of 2002 and 2014 ( EMSI, n.p.). The expansion or abatement in business majorly affects the social balance or imbalance inside the general public, individually. By the by, it tends to be effortlessly reasoned that another time

Duckweed Free Essays

Feed Industry Overview: Duckweed feed has been seen as a nutritious feed hotspot for some sorts of animals. The way that duckweed can be taken care of to creatures in its wet structure or dried for an increasingly thought nourishment source make a proficient, practical, gatherer a potential appealing item for this market. Conventional Harvesters are monetarily unfeasible and manual reaping is extremely work concentrated for medium to enormous scope tasks. We will compose a custom article test on Duckweed or on the other hand any comparable subject just for you Request Now Feed costs can fluctuate radically because of harvest yields, gas costs, and item request. After the underlying speculation of the Proskimmer the expenses for creating this feed added substance would be negligible. There is open door for duckweed to be utilized more as a feed source in coming a long time to ease expanding request on corn and soy yields. Examination According to North Carolina Reasearchers: â€Å"Duckweed holds incredible guarantee as an elective feed supplement. Perhaps the littlest plant known to man could assist us with delivering cleaner water while simultaneously giving an excellent feed to residential stock creatures (poultry, pig, and cows). The supplement take-up capacity controlled by duckweed alongside its quick conceptive rate and ecological necessities make it simple to oversee. The issue with duckweed is in the collecting of the little plants and evacuating the abundance water. Expecting that should be possible productively, we will be well en route to making new walks in the supplemental taking care of duckweed. † These announcements are made by a portion of the main duckweed analysts in the feed/fuel/watstewater. A duckweed gatherer is a characteristic fit to explain the collecting needs of the market. Late examinations have affirmed duckweed’s potential as a significant high-protein, nutrient rich feed supplement. A two section of land lake surface with duckweed yields as much as 30 tons of dry issue or roughly 12 tons of protein for every year. This protein is of high caliber for taking care of to creatures (or people). Examinations show that the nature of this protein for ducks and hens is like that in soybean supper. As protein is as of now evaluated at approx $500 per ton as a stock-feed fixing, the protein yield of a hectare of duckweed is worth in the request for $6,000 every year. Albeit economical to create, duckweed contains a scope of nutrients, shades and minerals. These incorporate those ordinarily added to dietary plans for domesticated animals, for example, poultry and pigs as business mineral-nutrient premixes. Duckweed has specific incentive as a poultry feed. It commonly contains high groupings of calcium (which is required in the eating routine of laying hens) equivalent to 10-25 g/kg dry issue. Duckweed contains generally a lot of xanthophylls and carotene, which bring about a rich yellow/orange shading to the egg yolks. In correlation, the engineered yolk shades typically remembered for mineral-nutrient premixes for layers are an expensive segment of business poultry eats less. Dried overabundance duckweed can be pelletised and sold as creature feed. At approx $6000 dollars the Proskimmer would be financially practical in this field. Taking care of preliminaries announced in the writing and completed as of late in Peru have exhibited that duckweed can be fill in for soy and fish suppers in arranged apportions for a few sorts of poultry: ovens, layers, and chicks. Refined duckweed can be utilized as the protein segment in poultry consumes less calories. Satisfactory degrees of duckweed feast in the weight control plans of layers run up to 40 percent of all out feed. Duckweed-took care of layers produce more eggs of the equivalent or higher caliber as control feathered creatures took care of the suggested planned weight control plans. Levels of up to 15 percent duckweed feast produce development rates in grills which are equivalent to those delivered by control takes care of. Diets for chicks, comprising of up to 15 percent duckweed feast, are reasonable for winged creatures under three weeks old enough. Duckweed supper will more likely than not find as huge a scope of creature feed applications as soybean feast. Duckweed feast may likewise can possibly mix with non-ordinary weight control plans dependent on cheap sugar sources that can be utilized by poultry and swines. Today pork creation offers maybe an exceptional chance. Because of monetary development and populace development in Asia, interest for pork is expanding more than ever. Truth be told, specialists foresee that in the following 35 to 40 years, we’ll need to fourfold, or more, the around 875 million hoards presently on Earth. That’s why new and extended hoard creation offices are being worked in Australia, Canada, Mexico, South America, and, when resistance is survived, in the U. S. What's more, as they’re manufactured, new openings and monetary development are being made. A significant constraint to angle cultivating is that suppers high in protein with high natural worth are costly and regularly locally inaccessible. Advantageous feeds can take up to 60% of fish creation costs. Duckweeds have a high protein content (around 40%) of high natural worth. New duckweed is profoundly fit to serious fish cultivating frameworks and duckweed is changed over productively to liveweight by certain fish including carp and tilapia. Drying duckweed presents the biggest current test to the plant being exchanged as a ware. No customary drying innovation has had the option to create dried material without causing signifigant misfortune. A few sunlight based techniques are indicating guarantee anyway we feel they would be for enormous scope tasks and not applicable to our market. The main specialists in North Carolina have combined with an organization called Aeroglide who makes modern drying advances for the feed business. We feel Proskim should concentrate on the wet applications for land domesticated animals and fish cultivating opporunities. http://www. lib. ncsu. edu/proposals/accessible/etd-05242004-103543/unlimited/etd. df Institute of Animal Nutrition, University of Hohenheim, Emil-Wolff-Str. 10, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany 24 February 2010; http://www. aeroglide. com/aquafeed-dryers-coolers. php SWOT Analysis Feed: Strengths: Low expense corresponding to other mechanical collectors/low work power when contrasted with manual procedures. Right now made item with next to zero customization for some, r eaping needs. Duckweed has been demonstrated to be an advancement feed choice to corn and soy based feeds. Shortcomings: Little to no present advertising methodology in the Bio field. Absence of advertising material coordinated to Bio field. Less created countries will utilize manual strategies. Organization physical area isn't in regions which advance fast duckweed development. Openings: Feed supplement for fish, pig, poultry requiring successful collecting strategies. Market straightforwardly to these ranchers. Scholarly analysts utilizing awards to contemplate duckweed in the Bio field. Government awards and establishments in the Bio field. Dangers: Other collector innovations and preliminary developments to gather duckweed. Less interest for corn ethanol because of guidelines or opportunity expenses could bring down costs and thusly corn feed costs. The most effective method to refer to Duckweed, Papers

Crossing Over the Threshold

I remember the feeling deep in my chest when I hugged my mother good-bye. Looking around, all I could see was an impressive collection of cardboard boxes with my clothes and prized possessions. I felt like I was drowning in a sea of boxes. Then I watched my mother walk out the door, leaving me alone. The anxiety was overwhelming and grew into a huge lump in my throat. I was in a different world, far from home. I was at college.The unsure emotions of this profound independence and the frightening notion of living with a stranger - also known as a roommate - are still vivid. Last August seems like last week, but in reality, I started college over a year ago. And though it was difficult to adjust to living in a dorm, it was almost as difficult to return home when the year ended.College wasn't just a tremendous educational opportunity, it gave me the chance to live a different life. Late night Chinese food, wearing plastic flip-flops in the shower, and studying in the library until earl y morning became the norm. Slowly, my hall evolved from my address to a friendly community where I felt secure. The girls who lived around me ranged from a Polish exchange student to a vegan to a pothead. Our hall was small compared to some in other dorms, creating an intimate setting. Whenever I felt a roommate-induced tension headache, I would look for support and kind words from others on my floor. Through the year, I felt the benefits of a sisterhood without ever living in a sorority.After the summer weather turned crisp and the leaves changed to a multitude of colors, my friends and I happily paraded around the hall showing off our Halloween costumes. Through the frigid winter, we survived by fueling our coffee addiction and complained about walking to distant classes. Finally the snow thawed and spring returned. After a massive celebration for the culmination of finals, we all said good-bye. I walked down the hall and said good-bye to the girls who had created a memorable firs t year of college.I had survived the roommate from hell who used her Internet addiction to invite strange boys to spend the night in our room. I had survived the homesickness of missing my puppy and my mother, who has always been one of my closest confidants. I survived frightening term papers and final exams that practically made my knees shake from raw fear. With the support and smiles from my neighbors on the floor, I survived every challenge.The first week in May marked my return home to my family. Immediately, I faced striking changes. One night, I sat quietly watching a television show. "Do you know what time it is?" my younger brother asked, walking into the room with a groggy expression. "It is almost 11:30!" Yes, I was officially home when I was the only one in the house awake at that ungodly hour.Despite the negatives, it was refreshing to have my parents' comfort face-to-face instead of over telephone wires. I almost had forgotten about our family dinners and homemade food. Finally, I had a room to myself. My own space was a luxury. And I could go barefoot in the shower - amazing!Going to college and coming home again are both incredible experiences. Though vastly different with advantages and disadvantages, this is all part of growing up. I can still remember that horrible lump in my throat when I watched my mother leave my dorm room, taking a large part of my naivete with her. Only now, I have another deep feeling in my throat - an unbreakable love for my new college hallmates - that replaces it.

Holmes Americas First Serial Killer - 1139 Words

According Florida Gulf Coast University Serial Killer Database, there has been 2,625 serial killers so far in the United States, the most of any country in the world. However, this trend all started out with H.H. Holmes: America’s first serial killer. H.H. Holmes was born in New Hampshire as Herman Webster Mudgett in 1861. He was extremely bright in school and excelled beyond the other kids in his class. Because of this, he was bullied a lot by his jealous schoolmates. One incident stands out among all others, which was when Mudgett was dragged into the town doctor’s office and forced to confront a skeleton which he had previously found revolting. Despite the bully’s intentions, this cured Mudgett of his fear of skeletons, and made him more curious about the study of the human body and medicine, which piloted the rest of his career. Mudgett studied at the University of Michigan, where he finished college and medical school. Mudgett then moved to Chicago and chang ed his name to Henry Howard Holmes (H.H. Holmes) in 1886, where his torturous fantasies all began. Although this criminal mastermind only made one small mistake to make investigators red hot on his trail, H.H. Holmes should’ve been caught sooner because of his suspicious activities including the building of his castle and being involved in scams at the same time numerous people he was affiliated with went missing while selling copious amounts of skeletons shortly after they went missing. When Holmes moved toShow MoreRelatedDr. H. H. Holmes: Americas First Serial Killer Essay1527 Words   |  7 Pagesinspiration to sing – I was born with the Evil One standing as my sponsor beside the bed where I was ushered in the world, and he has been with me since† (Troy, Taylor). This statement was a quoted confession from Dr. H. H. Holmes himself in 1896. Holmes was the first major serial killer in America, even though he came after many others in his time. Thomas Neil Cream , the Austin Axe Murderer, the Bloody Benders, and Jack the Ripper came before him. His name was originally Herman Webster Mudgett. He wasRead MoreAmerica s First Serial Killer1347 Words   |  6 PagesH.H. Holmes, born in 1861 as Herman Webster Mudgett, was an extremely notable con man, fraud and murderer. More popularly known as America’s first serial killer, Holmes had a vast and varying criminal record. For instance, his criminal record ranged from forging checks and life insurance claims, to killing off entire families in his â€Å"murder† hotel. The one most identifiable pattern to his offenses resides in his economic struggle. As seen in a documentary directed by John Borowski, most of the individualsRead MoreSerial Killers: H. H. Holmes Essay2491 Words   |  10 Pagesnightmares, both fascinating and terrifying. Serial killers hide behind bland and normal existences. They are often able to escape being caught for years, decades and sometimes an eternity. Thes e are America’s Serial Killers (America’s Serial Killers). â€Å"Even when some of them do get caught, we may not recognize what they are because they don’t [sic] match the distorted image we have of serial killers† (Brown). What is that distorted image? That killers live among everyday life, they are the ones whoRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Devil Of The White City : Murder, Magic, And Madness At The Fair2200 Words   |  9 PagesThe textbook definition of a serial killer is someone who murders more than three victims one at a time in less than a month (â€Å"Serial† 1). H.H. Holmes was a devious and handsome young man. He was a very dangerous person that could not be trusted. On the other hand, the textbook definition of an architect is a person who designs buildings and in many cases helps supervise those projects. One of America’s greatest architects in history was Daniel Hudson Burnham. He led America to do great things inRead Mor eIs America s First Serial Killer Essay908 Words   |  4 PagesConsidered America’s first serial killer, H.H. Holmes demised a plan like no other to torture and kill woman in the early 1890’s in Chicago, Illinois (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Masquerading as a charismatic prominent businessman, and caring doctor, H.H. Holmes was a true monster (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Known later as the â€Å"torture doctor† or the â€Å"monster of 63rd street†, he methodically planned, attacked, and controlled his victims till the very end (H.H. Holmes, 2004). Born Herman Webster Mudgett on MayRead MoreAnalysis Of Erik Larson s The Devil 1250 Words   |  5 Pagesthe evolution of a serial killer. In doing so, Larson is able to explore the details of the fair in-depth, while keeping the interest of the reader. By using this organizational structure, Larson is also able to tell the gruesome tale of a serial killer without scaring away his audience. Overall, the pairing of these two stories helps to balance out the novel. Throughout parts I and II of the novel, Larson switches between the plotline of Burnham and the plotline of Holmes. The 1893 ChicagoRead MoreIn The Devil In The White City, Erik Larson Tells The Story1063 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Devil in the White City, Erik Larson tells the story of two men, an architect and a serial killer, operating in Chicago during the 1890’s This novel describes the years surrounding the building of the 1893 Chicago World s Fair, also known as The World s Columbian Exposition, which was designed to commemorate the landing of Columbus in America. It is divided into four parts with the first three primarily taking place in Chicago between the years 1890-1893. However, Part four of the novelRead MoreThe City Of Chicago, A New City Block And Towering Three Stories Above Englewood1472 Words   |  6 PagesH.H. Holmes, who was formally known as Herman Webster Mudgett came to the city of Chicago. Throughout his lifetime Holmes had several other aliases that he used to elude numerous creditors and former acquaintances he feared would step forward with accusations of fraud, poisoning and murder, so deciding he would change his identity now going by Henry Howard Holmes. But, to the rest of the world he would forever become H.H. Holmes, torcher doctor, monster of 63rd street, America’s first serial killerRead MorePsychology of Serial Killers1430 Words   |  6 PagesWe serial killers are your sons, we are your husbands we are everywhere. And there will be more of your children dead tomorrow. Theodore Robert Bundy In the past decade, Americans and researchers have given more and more of their attention to serial killers. The United States alone has contributed about 85% of the worlds serial killers. It has been said that they come in many different forms. Society has many words for serial killers. Holmes and DeBurger define serial murders as consistingRead MoreEssay On The Devil In The White City883 Words   |  4 Pagesfair together. He dealt with economic struggles, union strikes, as well as injuries and death during construction. Along with Burnham, H.H. Holmes has come into to the spotlight during the fair’s days of service. However, he brought the fear to travelers and the locals, as well as the entire country. H.H. Holmes is well known for being America’s first serial killer whose main targets were females, and his motives lay sprawled across a particular margin varying from one crime to another. As Chauncey Depew

The Kickapoo Indians free essay sample

The growth of today’s youth in an endangered culture. I. Topic The Kickapoo Indians are a type of Native American people that have tribes across the United States. Stationed in Texas, Kansas, and Oklahoma, the Kickapoo Indians have a culture that has not been looked over and talked about much in our world and lifetime. While they are part of the overall population of our country, we know little about them, and the influence they have on their children and the youth around them in the community. I want to study the youth culture and see how the Kickapoo Indians affect the other cultures around them. II. Literature Review I have done many searches on many sites to look for any research and studies on this tribe and the culture of these people. The states in which they live have the most information about them. The state with the most information is Texas, and there is more information on the Mexican Kickapoo Indians than the other three combined. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kickapoo Indians or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page III. Methodology To study the life and effect of the Kickapoo Indians, the plan is to join into their tribe under the clarification that it will be to show the world more about their culture. We would need to gain funding to help with living costs until the researchers are able to find suitable replacements in the area. We plan to ask permissions for this fieldwork to study the tribe currently in the lower portion of Texas. (see map) The plan is to win trust among the people, and slowly ask them to introduce us to their ceremonies, and beliefs and culture over time. We plan to gain at least three informants. We would pick an informant from each age group to better understand the evolution of the tribe through these past years. (Chapter 5 of Book). We would also like to accomplish a mapping process to understand how the distribution of the land works for the tribe as a whole. (Chapter 5) The tribe, being in lower Texas, will easily be reached by plane. No passports or documents needed for out of country fieldwork will be needed for this field research. The foreseeable problems would be being able to ain access to the tribe grounds, as well as integrate into their community without repercussions. We expect to be able to approach the tribe after a year to two years of preparations prior to the move. After we arrive we figure it will be at a max, an amount of 4 years to be able to gather the information we can from the tribe. We believe it will take a minimum of 2 years in order to gain the trust fully of the tribe. Then another two years to gain th e information from the three informants we hope to gain. IV. Ethical Considerations We are unsure of what type of ethical problems we will be facing when it comes to the Texas tribe of the Kickapoo Indians. Seeing as how these Indians are part of the American culture as well, it would be safe to bet that it would be one of the safer tribes in the world to visit. We can ensure confidentiality using methods placed by federal systems, and can refrain from using informants that fear for their safety among the tribe if they wish, so that they are protected. We can also alert the reservation law enforcement to make sure we are backed up in the protection of the people. We will do anything we can to ensure that any risk to being a participant in our fieldwork is minimal. (Activity 1 Information page) V. Conclusion In conclusion, we would like to study the Texas tribe of Kickapoo Indians to learn about how their youth continue to thrive in the traditions of their elders as they grow in the ever changing world on the United States. With the Kickapoo youth being a part of normal American society we get to see the influence of the traditions of their culture in them, as they influence others around them.

Philosophy - Plato Essays - Dialogues Of Plato, Socratic Dialogues

Philosophy - Plato Plato was born to an aristocratic family in Athens, Greece. When he was a child his father, Ariston, who was believed to be descended from the early kings of Athens died, and his mother, Perictione married Pyrilampes. As a young man Plato was always interested in political leadership and eventually became a disciple of Socrates. He followed his philosophy and his dialectical style, which is believed to be the search for truth through questions, answers, and additional questions. After witnessing the death of Socrates at the hands of the Athenian democracy in 399 B.C., Plato left Athens and continued to travel to Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. (Internet) In 387 B.C. Plato founded the Academy in Athens otherwise known as the first European university. The Academy provided a wide range of curriculum including subjects such as astronomy, biology, philosophy, political theory, and mathematics. Aristotle was the Academy's most outstanding student. (Internet) The internal affairs of the academy ruled the next 20 years of Plato's life and he wrote nothing. Many Greek youths were attracted to the new school. Plato then went to Syracuse to supervise the education of the ruling prince. Plato was not certain about the success of this adventure although he felt he could not refuse this opportunity of putting his ideas to a test. It did not work out for Plato and he returned to Athens in 360 B.C. He then devoted himself to teaching and lecturing at the Academy. He died at age 80 in Athens in 348 B.C. Before his death Plato completed the Sophist, the Politicus, the Philebus, the Timaeus and finally the Laws. (Internet) DIALOGUES The Symposium is the most widely read of Plato's dialogues with the exception of the Republic and it is with good reason. It's literary merit is outstanding with philosophical and psychological sources (Allen) ANAYA--2 THE EARLY DIALOGUES In the early dialogues Socrates always played the leading roll. In all of them, Plato was trying to keep the spirit of Socrates alive. There are also early dialogues that portray Socrates in whimsical moods but always with a serious purpose. (Allen) The Republic was the most revealing of all Plato's early writings. Plato believed that one could not seriously construct a political theory without a metaphysics. Therefore, we find an outline of human life as it should be lived according to nature. (Allen) THE LATER DIALOGUES In the later dialogues Soctates does not always play the leading role. He does not enter into the conversation of Laws. More interest was shown in the possibilities of politics. Law and legal government were stressed and it greatly influenced Aristotle. It is clear that in later years Plato became more aware of the difficulties in attempting to combine science with government. Plato's main interest at the end of his life was to guide human effort as indicated in his last dialogues, the Laws. (Allen) Many students of the Academy were reaching into positions of power in the Greek world. Plato planned a trilogy at the end of his life, the Timaeus, the Critias, and the Hermoncrates. (Allen) THEORY OF KNOWLEDGE Plato's theory of knowledge can be found in the myth of the cave. The myth describes people chained within a cave. The only images they see are the shadows of objects and animals held in front of a fire that is behind them that reflects on the cave walls in front of them. That is all they had ever seen so that is what they believe to be real. One day a man escaped the cave and went outside. With the sun he saw what was real in the world and realized all he ever saw were just shadows. He went back to the men in the cave and told them all this. He told them that they ANAYA--3 too could see the outside if they broke free of their chains but they didn't believe him. The environment of the cave to Plato symbolizes the physical world of appearances. Escaping into the sun-filled world means the transition into the real world that is full and perfect being the world of forms, which is the proper object of knowledge. (Hare p.39) NATURE OF FORMS The theory of Forms may be understood best in terms of mathematical entities. This theory was his way of explaining how the same universal term can refer to so many particular things or events. An individual is human to the extent that they resemble or participate. In the Form

History Summary of the Country of Ireland essays

History Summary of the Country of Ireland essays Ireland has been inhabited since Stone Age times. For more than five thousand years peoples moving westwards across the European continent have settled in the country and each new group of immigrants, Celts, Vikings, Normans, English, has contributed to its present population. In 1841, shortly before the Great Famine, the area comprising the present Irish State had a population of over 6.5 million. The next census (1851) showed a massive decline to 5.1 million for the same area, due to deaths from starvation and disease and large-scale emigration. The outflow thus begun became a dominant feature of the population pattern over the succeeding years. By 1961 the population of the State stood at 2.8 million, the lowest census figure on record. From 1961 onwards the pattern changed. A combination of natural increase and the commencement of inward net migration resulting from increased prosperity produced an average annual rise in population of 0.6% in the period 1981 to 1986. Between 1986 and 1991, largely as a result of the resumption of emigration, an average annual fall in population of 0.1% was recorded. At the 1991 census, the total population of the State was 3,525,719. In 1994 the population was estimated at 3.571 million. The major centers of population are Dublin (915,000), Cork (174,000), Limerick (75,000), Galway (51,000), Waterford (42,000), and Dundalk (30,000). 59% of the populations live in cities and towns of 1,000 people or more. Overall population density is 51 persons per square kilometer with large variations between the east and south, where densities are highest, and the less populous west of the country. A high proportion of the population is concentrated in the younger age groups. Approximately 43% of the population is under 25, and approximately 27% is under 15. In 1993 for the first time on record, the birth rate fell below the minimum population replacement rate of 2.1 births per woman during child-...

C-Difficile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

C-Difficile - Research Paper Example Moreover, outbreaks of C. difficile infection in Canada and U.S.A. have been linked with the highly resistant and virulent strain of the bacterium, NAP-I/027 and have been found resistant to the fluoroquinolones drug treatment (Allday 2012 para 3; Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 1 & 2; Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The microbiology of C. difficile, the pathophysiology of infection in humans, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and preventive measures will be discussed. The microbiological study of C. difficile has brought forward some significant features about the bacterium. It is an anaerobic bacterium which means that it requires oxygen for its survival and spore-bearing. It stains mostly Gram-positive and has a length variation of 3-5 um. Animal reservoirs for C. difficile have been located but no direct association with human infection has been established. C. difficile spreads in the infants and neonates predominantly by nosocomial infection rather than vertical transmission. An important aspect is that infants up to the age of 12 months are protected from the diarrheal symptoms, probably because they lack the receptors required for the toxin action. The bacteria spread mostly from contact with contaminated skin, food items, clothes or any other surface. C. difficile spreads from the feces of an infected person to the healthy individuals. (Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 2-5; Allday 2012 para 12). The spores produced by the bacteria are orally in gested by the humans leading to the formation of C. difficile colonies in the gut. The infected individuals develop Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea while some also remain asymptomatic and show no active infection. C. difficile produces two exotoxins- A and B- which cause disruption of the epithelium of the colon by binding to the epithelial cells. The production of inflammatory cells and cytokines leads to mucosal inflammation and small ulcer formation in the gut (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The clinical features of the C. difficile infection are described as watery, non-bloody diarrhea and episodes of abdominal pain. Severe infections can lead to development of ileus and even shock. Non-specific signs include low-grade fever, dehydration and abdominal tenderness. A criterion to describe the severity of the infection involves the parameters of age, temperature, albumin level, WBC count, endoscopy findings and treatment in intensive care unit. A score of greater than or equal to 2 within 48 hours is designated as severe Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The risk factors for C. difficile infection mainly focus on the elderly population, people taking antibiotic or antacid therapy or those with a prolonged stay in hospital environments. According to a report, recurrence was found to be higher in those who were taking medications that were H2 receptor blockers (Worcester 2012 para 1- 3). People above the age of 65 years are at high risk for severe or complicated infection. Other risk factors include tube feeding within 2 months, immunosuppression and excessive usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). Enzyme immunoassay is the standard test for the diagnosis of the C. difficile toxins A and B in the stool samples. The test results are available within 24 hours. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is helpful in

Benefits of Securing a Border Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benefits of Securing a Border - Research Paper Example As the paper highlights border security has become one of the most contentious aspects in many countries across the globe. A good case study is that of the United States that has benefited tremendously in her Border Patrols. Border patrol in U.S traces its history way back as early as 1904, when mounted watchmen of the U.S. Immigration Service patrolled the border in effort to prevent illegal crossing; however, their efforts were irregular and undertaken only when resources permitted. In the early years of twentieth century, customs violations and intercepting communications to â€Å"the enemy† seemed to be of a greater concern than enforcing immigration regulations. Agencies charged with the responsibilities of inspecting people and goods entering and leaving noticed that their efforts were totally ineffective without border enforcement between inspection stations. A higher head tax and literacy requirement imposed in 1917 for entry prompted more people to try to enter illega lly. From this paper it is clear that a number of amendments were done to the constitution in line with securing the nation’s border, however, the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, prohibiting the importation, transport, manufacture or sale of alcoholic beverages had greater effects. With the passage of this constitutional amendment and the numerical limits placed on immigration to the United States by the Immigration Acts of 1921adn 1924 respectively, the border enforcement was able to receive renewed attention.

Diversity in The Workplace Essay Example for Free

Diversity in The Workplace Essay Diversity has several definitions. According to Schmidle (2010), workplace diversity is a people issue, focusing on the differences and similarities that people bring to an organization. It is usually defined broadly to include dimensions beyond those specified legally in equal opportunity and affirmative action non-discrimination statues. Diversity is often interpreted to include dimensions which influence the identities and perspective that people bring, such as profession, education, parental status and geographic location. If you think of diversity and all of the categories it can be a bit overwhelming. Schmidle did leave out several categories that include age, gender, income level, social status, political views, religion, and marital status. The word â€Å"diversity† has a kind of conflict ring to it but it doesn’t necessarily mean it is a bad thing. Diversity can in fact be a good thing. Schmidle later goes on to discuss some of this positive outcomes of diversity including one of the most important aspects of diversity which is learning new things from others. If we are around the same people everyday that are the exact same and do things the exact same it is hard for people to think outside the box. This paper will discuss positive and negative aspects of diversity focusing on age. It will also discuss other forms of diversity as well. When discussing age diversity it is important to discuss the different categories. Individuals over 60 are considered to be the Traditionalist generation. Individuals in their mid-40’s to 60’s are baby boomers. Those in their late 20’s to early 40’s are in the Generation X category and the most recent generation is Generation Y who are early 20’s or younger (Bell, Narz, 2007). Each one of these groups has been described as having certain characteristics. Traditionalists are defined as having a more traditional  working environment. They typically work 9:00 A.M. to 5:00 but are said to work late and weekends during busy periods if necessary. Traditionalist are also said to be hard working, loyal employees who respect authority. It is typical for wives of this category to have been home with the children while the male is or was at work bringing in the sole income. Traditionalists are retiring from the work force at a steady rate but still remain influential in today’s working environment (Bell, Narz 2007). Baby Boomers are the children of Traditionalists and also thought to have a strong work ethic. A difference between Boomers and Traditionalists is that they are dual-career couples with the women working as well as the men. Boomers are said to question authority and have also been labeled the â€Å"me generation† (Bell, Narz 2007). Generation Xers are the children of Baby Boomers. They have grown up watching their parents working to try and have it all and have been affected by their parents working hard and late hours. They are more family and parent oriented, optimistic and confident. They are said to not have a very strong loyalty to their employer and tend to work for someone that best fits their needs (Bell, Narz 2007). Generation Y are the children of Generation X and are also called the millennials, the internet generation, and also the Echo Boomers. This is due to their computer knowledge and also due to them being one of the largest generations since the Baby Boomers. At a young age they were introduced to different lifestyles and cultures in school. Being that they were exposed so young they tend to have more accustomed to different races, sexual orientation, and ethnic groups. Generation Ys like to be challenged and want flexibility and telecommuting options. They are also family oriented and want to work part time or time off when having children (Bell, Narz 2007). After describing these different groups it is clear there is a difference in attitude, respect, loyalty, goals, and work ethic. Putting all of these individuals in a working environment together would seem like a very bad idea. Schaefer 2010 States: The popular press paints a picture of generational divide at work. Mature workers (Traditionalists and Baby Boomers) are portrayed as loyal and hardworking, but dinosaurs when it comes to innovation and technology. Younger employees (Generation Xers and Millennials) are viewed as innovative, but disrespectful, lazy, and egocentric. Taken at face value, these stereotypes can lead to conflict and turmoil in the workplace. Schafer later describes that this is not the case and actually have more similarities than differences. She also informs the reader that age diversity is a value to our organizations and will be a â€Å"an important component in the divers workforce of the future.† (Schaefer, 2010). What are some benefits and who does it affect? One benefit is respect. By respecting others differences productivity increases which can affect an employee and an organization economically, financially and competitiveness (Green, 2008). By being more productive the company makes more money, which makes it possible for them to be competitive. When a company makes more money it is easier for them to give raises and bonuses. Also when a company has diversity in the workplace it can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, recruitment, creativity, and business image (Green, 2008). Diversity is not only positive. It can be if you have the right group of people working but for the most part managers will find obstacles and challenges. When I was managing I always said it only takes one individual to destroy a group’s character and flow. This type of person looks for problems and gets the rest of the group members worked up. Something simple like a gossiper can ruin a group’s charisma. If a group member is racist or not accepting of particular member’s religious views or sex it can also affect the rest of the group (Green, 2008). This can lead to the loss of personnel and effect work production which in turn affects the employees and organization economically, financially, and its competitiveness. Also if an individual is not socially accepting of others it affects the companies view to the customers and shareholders. The chain fast food restaurant Chik-Fil-A has recently announced it does not support same sex marriage. The public exploded with outrage and tens of thousands of people vowed to never eat  there again. If a business employs an individual who voices their discrimination, prejudice, or stereotyping of a particular group the same outcome could happen if left unchecked. I think for the most part we could all agree the older generation was not as accepting to different races, religion, and sexual preference as much as the younger generation is. This certainly does not mean a younger person would not be discriminatory or that all Traditional workers are discriminatory but it is something managers need to understand. Business will typically have a note on discrimination in their by laws or employee hand books that any form whether it be for age, sex, ethnicity, sexual preference will not be tolerated. Colleges employing individuals will have this as well. An example of this is the University of California’s system wide non-discrimination statement: â€Å"It is the policy of the University not to engage in discrimination against or harassment of any person employed or seeking employment with the University of California on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, gender identity, pregnancy, physical or mental disability, medical condition (cancer-related or genetic Characteristics), ancestry, marital status, age, sexual orientation citizenship, or status as a covered veteran. This policy applies to all employment practices, including recruitment, selection, promotion, transfer, merit increase, salary, training, and development, demotion, and separation. † (University of California, 2011). Having non-discrimination statements like this allows employees, the public, shareholders, and other colleges or competition see discrimination of any kind will not be tolerated at the school. This can help the business have a positive image to all who read it. It is fairly uncommon to find a current business without some form of discrimination statement. The one from the University of California above is very descriptive and most that I have found do not go into this much detail. The University of California also has their Principles of Community: â€Å"We recognize, value, and affirm that social diversity contributes richness to the University community and enhances the quality of campus life for  individuals and groups. We take pride in our various achievements and we celebrate our differences.† (University of California, 2011). These types of guiding principles allows the community and any other readers know the University welcomes differences in individuals. If someone was having any reservations about attending this University or working for them this further assures the individual the University would welcome them no matter how different they are. Age diversity can also affect the way a person is treated. If you think about front-line management, mid-management, senior management you typically vision an older individual at the senior management level, a slightly younger individual at the mid-management level, and again a slightly younger individual at the front-line management level. Does age have to do with getting promoted? If I simply get older will I be promoted? Apparently it does not but it does have a huge impact on getting dismissed. If an employee is more than twenty percent younger than their superior they are more likely to be let go. If the employee is less than twenty percent younger than their superior they are less likely to be let go (Giuliano, Leonard, Leving, 2006). This study shows a superior is much more likely to dismiss someone who is considerable younger than them compared to if the employee is rather close in age. The workforce demographics are also shifting. It has been reported workers in the age group of 55-64 there will be 36.5 percent more compared to 2006. That is a drastic increase. What about those ages 65-74 and employees 75 and up? There is projected an 80 percent increase in both. This means people are working longer and past the retirement age (Schaefers, 2010). This also lets us know age diversity with the Generation X needs to be paid attention to by employers. Many feel we have a solid understanding of this group already while others feel we have been focusing on the Traditional workers more. Whatever the case it is pretty clear employers will need to be prepared to provide for this generation and others who follow. How do we do that? We need to understand how each generation feels and act. Mature workers value loyalty from and to the company. They often few their younger co-workers as not having enough company allegiance. Generation Xers are considered to be loyal to a team, boss, or project but  not necessarily a company. Baby Boomers and Traditional workers may view this as disrespectful and it could cause conflict (Schaefers, 2010). We need to understand the core values of generations. Many values are shared between generations. The Traditionalists raised the baby Boomers. The Baby Boomers raised the Generation X and the Generation X raised the Generation Y. It is easy to understand some of the traits of the older generations have been passed down especially family. It did take some negative steps at times. The traditionalist taught their children to work hard and be loyal. This had a kind of family second effect and the Generation X was affected by this. They are very family oriented and family always comes first. So an employer would need to know that if they plan on keeping Generation X employees around they need to allow them to have flexible schedules and they need to be able to take time off for family(Schaefers, 2010). We need to expand our communication approaches as well with the other groups coming up. The millennial generation is extremely technology oriented and it is very important in their lives. This generation does most of their business through electronics and technology as well as their personal life (Schaefers, 2010). One of the major characteristic an employer should have and should instill on all employees is to show respect to one another. A younger employee does not want to get disrespected for a possible new and out of the box idea just as an older employee doesn’t want to disrespected for doing something the same way for so long. We have all heard treat others like you would like to be treated and it holds a lot of weight when trying to get different generations to work in a cohesive and productive manner (Schaefers, 2010). Productivity is another topic employer and employees are concerned with. Some feel the older workers do not work as hard or are productive as younger employees. Some decide this is true whether or not it is and respond to it. Making comments or speaking to other employees and management about the lack of work is one form. The truth is studies have shown this is not necessarily true in all cases. A three year study was conducted with a hardware chain. One store was staffed with only employees over the age of fifty, while the other five stores were staffed with younger employees. The over fifty store was considerably more productive in major business aspects than two of the other five stores and was close to the other three in sales generated against labor costs (Robbins, Judge, 2011). This is an impressive study that can refute arguments that the older individuals are not worth employing. Employers carry mixed feelings about older worker. Some feel they are more loyal, have more experience, better judgment, and stronger work ethic. Others feel they lack in flexibility and are not accustomed to today’s technology. When these employers are looking for new hires it is common for the older applicants to be looked over and if they are hired they are usually the first to go when it comes to layoffs (Robbins, Judge, 2011). The opportunity to quit is also a concern for employers. Given that an older applicant has fewer employment opportunities it is thought some employers hire these individuals based on the idea that they will not leave once hired. The younger applicant is thought to have greater opportunity and a more willingness to change jobs or jump ship if the job is not what they expected. They younger generations are also thought to expect the employer and business to take care of there needs better than the older generations (Robbins, Judge, 2011). Some companies realize the value in older employees and actually make attempts to attract them. Boarders and the Vanguard Group have realized the value and have offered benefits and options that lure them in. Flexible hours and part time work are a couple of the things the older workers are looking for. Since most have at least thought about retirement if not already been retired, these groups of workers enjoy spending time with family and doing the things they enjoy. Most states have agreed that a mandatory retirement is not necessary the pool of aged workers has increased dramatically. No longer is it required for individuals to retire at the age of 70. This has led a lot of workers to reinter or continue to be a part of the labor force. Some have lost loved ones and wish to socialize which they would not be able to do if they simply stayed home. The opportunity gives  them a reason to try and make new friends and also gives them a reason to stay busy. Others may have not prepared or had the opportunity to save up a proper retirement with today’s increasing prices and declining economy (Robbins, Judge, 2011). The employee’s job satisfaction needs to be considered when it comes to the diversity of age in a workplace. Employees over the age of 60 who are non professional’s satisfaction rate decreases during their middle ages and increases as they get older. Professional employees who were over the age of 60 however continually increased as they aged (Robbins, Judge, 2011). One of the ongoing concerns with diversity is if they want it. As discussed there are many advantages of having diversity in the workplace. If a company wants to grow it is important to allow new and different people to bring different things to the office table. This is so true that some literature can be found on how to increase workplace diversity. The most important decision for a company is to decide what kind of diversity they need. It may not be the best idea for a company whose main product is A company that sells women’s jewelry may n References Robbins, S.P., Judge, T.A. (2011). Organizational Behavior(14 ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall. Notter, Jamie (2009). Generational Diversity in The Workplace. Retrieved 30 August 2012 from Convergence Media: http://www.multiculturaladvantage.com/recruit/group/mature/Gen eral-Diversity-in-workplace.asp Schaefers, Kate (2010). Age Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved 31 August 2012 from Careers Thought Leaders: http://www.careerthoughtleaders.com/blog/age-diversity-in-the- workplace/ Schmidle, Deborah and Woods, Susan (2010). Workplace Diversity. Retrieved 31 August 2012 from Catherwood Library: http://www.ilr.cornell.edu/library/research/subjectguides/work placediversity.html University of California (2011). Managing Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved 27 August 2012 from University of California: http://ucsfhr.ucsf.edu/index.php/pubs/hrguidearticle/chapter- 12-managing-diversity-in-the-workplace/ Green, Kelli A. and Lopez, Mayra (2008). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and the Required Managerial Tools. Retrieved 31 August 2012 from University of Florida: http://www.edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hr022 Greenberg, Josh (2004). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges, and Solutions. Retrieved 31 August 2012 from AlphaMeasure,Inc.: http://multiculturaladvantage.com/recruit//Diversity-in-th- Workplace-Benefits-Challenges-Solutions.asp Bell, Nancy Sutton and Narz, Marvin (2007). Meeting the Challenges of Age Diversity in the Workplace. Retrieved 31 August 2012 from New York State Society of CPAs: http://www.nysscpa.org/cpajournal/2007/207/essentials/p56.htm United States Department of Labor (2010). Employee Tenure Summary. Retrieved 4 September 2012 from United States Department of Labor: http://www.bls.gov/news.release/tenure.nr0.htm Giuliano, Laura, Leonard, Jonathan and Levine, David I. (2006). Do Race, Age, and Gender Differences Affect Manager-Employee Relations? An analysis of Quits, Dismissals, and Promotions at a Large Retail Firm. Retrieved 4 September 2012 from http://moya.bus.miami.edu/~lgiuliano/Quits.pdf

Red-Eared Sliders Essay --

Introduction: Invasive species are crawling to places they shouldn’t be, making the world react in a dramatic way. It can be passed throughout a number of ways: by All Terrain Vehicles (ATVs), canals and changes to waterways, gardening and landscaping, transportation of animal carcasses and raw wood, along with other items. The Red-Eared Slider travels by another unique way to become an invasive species: being dumped by pet owners. Since this happens so frequently, the Red-Eared Slider is on the 100 of the World’s Worst Invasive Species List. Place of Origin (How it arrived): The Red-eared slider is an invasive turtle species with a large pet fanbase. It’s originating from the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico, and the southeastern corner of the United States . This popularity of this animal, which are usually brought overseas, and placed in pet stores have its consequences. This invasive species is usually dumped by pet owners who are misinformed on the Red-eared slider and dislikes the attributes that it has (That it can grow to the size of a dinner plate and they bite). Areas Found: The red-eared slider has been dumped and stranded throughout the world. Just a few of the places where the invasive species is found is Australia, Europe, Israel, South Africa, Guam, Canada and the Carribean. The Red-eared Slider inhabit areas with still, warm water, like ponds, lakes, swaps, creeks, streams, and slow-flowing rivers. The invasive species is throughout the world, which makes it highly dangerous with fighting native turtles for the perfect area and habitat for them. Description of Species: The Red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta elegans) is a semi-aquatic turtle belonging the the Emydidae family. They are titled the Re... ...turtles, such as Little RES Q. People dump their Red-Eared Sliders daily, and makes the Red-Eared Sliders go up more and more on the 100 Worst Invasive Species List. Works Cited http://alienspecies.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/eng/species/red-eared-slider-turtle http://www.ontariostreams.on.ca/keep_care.htm http://www.torontozoo.com/adoptapond/turtles.asp?tr=10 http://www.climateontario.ca/doc/factsheets/TERRESTRIAL_INVASIVE_FACTSHEET-Final.pdf http://www.austinsturtlepage.com/Care/caresheet-red_ear_slider.htm http://www.columbia.edu/itc/cerc/danoff-burg/invasion_bio/inv_spp_summ/Red-eared%20Slider%20Turtle.html http://www.agric.wa.gov.au/objtwr/imported_assets/content/pw/vp/toad/red-earedslideralert.pdf http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Biodiversity/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD_068682.html http://www.mnr.gov.on.ca/en/Business/Biodiversity/2ColumnSubPage/STDPROD_068685.html

Learning Theories Essay

Lev Vygotsky, born in the U. S. S. R. in 1896, is responsible for the social development theory of learning. He proposed that social interaction profoundly influences cognitive development. Vygotsky’s key point is his belief that biological and cultural development do not occur in isolation. Vygotsky approached development differently from Piaget. Piaget believed that cognitive development consists of four main periods of cognitive growth: sensory motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. Piaget’s theory suggests that development has an endpoint in goal. Vygotsky, in contrast, believed that development is a process that should be analyzed, instead of a product to be obtained. Marcy P. Driscoll stated (as cited in Riddle, 1999) that â€Å"Vygotsky believes the development process that begins at birth and continues until death is too complex to be defined by stages†. The major theme of Vygotsky’s theoretical framework is that social interaction plays a fundamental role in the development of cognition. Vygoysky states: â€Å"Every function in the child’s cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological) (Funderstanding, 2001). This applies equally to voluntary attention, to logical memory, and to formation of concepts. All the higher functions originate as actual relationships between individuals. A second aspect of Vygotsky’s theory is the idea that the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span that he calls the â€Å"zone of proximal development† (ZPD). Vygotsky believed that this life long process of development was dependent on social interaction and that social learning actually leads to cognitive development (Kearsley, 1998). Vygotsky describes it as â€Å"the distance between the actual development level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through Learning Theories 3 problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers† (Funderstanding, 2001). In other words, a student can perform a task under adult guidance or with peer collaboration that could not be achieved alone. The Zone of Proximal Development bridges the gap between what is known and what can be known. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurred in this zone. Therefore, Vygotsky focused on the connections between people and the cultural context in which they act and interact in shared experiences. According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from a culture, such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments. Initially, Children develop these tools to serve solely as social functions, ways to communicate needs. Vygotsky believed that the internalization of these tools led to higher thinking skills (Riddle, 1999). When Piaget observed young children participating in egocentric speech in their preoperational stage, he believed it was a phase that disappeared once the child reached the stage of concrete operations. Driscoll states (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"in contrast, Vygotsky viewed this egocentric speech as a transition from social speech to internalized thought†. Thus, Vygotsky believed that thought and language could not exist without each other. Vygotsky’s theory was an attempt to explain consciousness as the end product of socialization. For example, in the learning of language, our first vocal noises with friends or adults are for the purpose of communication, but once mastered they become internalized and allow â€Å"inner speech†. Traditionally, schools have not promoted environments in which the students play an active role in their education and in the education of their friends. Vygotsky’s theory, however, requires the teacher and students to play untraditional roles as they collaborate with each other. Instead of a teacher dictating the lessons to students and later evaluate them, a teacher should collaborate with her students in order to create meaningful ways that students can make their own evaluation. Learning then becomes a reciprocal experience for the students and the teacher. Learning Theories 4. The physical classroom, based on Vygotsky’s theory, would provide clustered desks or tables and work space for peer instruction, collaboration, and small group instruction. Like the environment, the instructional design of material would be structured to promote and encourage student interaction and collaboration. Thus, the classroom becomes a community of learning. Because Vygotsky asserts that cognitive change occurs within the Zone of Proximal development, instruction would be designed to reach a developmental level that is just above the student’s current developmental level. Vygotsky proclaims, â€Å"learning which is oriented toward developmental levels that have already been reached is ineffective from the view point of the child’s overall development. It does not aim for a new stage of the developmental process, but rather lags behind this process† (Social Development, 1996). Appropriation is necessary for cognitive development within the zone of proximal development. Individuals participating in peer collaboration or guided teacher instruction must share the same focus in order to access the zone. Samuel J. Hausfather states (as cited in Riddle, 1999), â€Å"joint attention and shared problem solving is needed to create a process of cognitive, social, and emotional interchange†. Furthermore, it is essential that the partners be on different developmental levels. In addition, the partner that is on the higher level needs to be aware of his partner’s lower level. If this does not occur, or if one partner continually dominates, the interaction is less successful. Scaffolding and reciprocal teaching are effective strategies to access the zone. Scaffolding requires the teacher to provide students the opportunity to extend the current skills and knowledge. Hausfather reports (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher must engage students’ interests, simplify tasks so they are manageable, and motivate students to pursue the instructional goal. In addition, the teacher must look for discrepancies between students’ efforts and the solution, control for frustration and risk, and model an idealized version of the act†. Learning Theories 5 Reciprocal teaching allows for the creation of a dialogue between students and teachers. This two-way communication becomes an instructional strategy by encouraging students to go beyond answering and discussing questions. A study (as cited in Riddle, 1999) demonstrated the Vygotskian approach with reciprocal teaching methods in their successful program to teach reading strategies. The teacher and students alternated turns leading small group discussions on reading. After modeling four reading strategies, students began to assume the teaching role. Results of this study showed significant gains over other instructional strategies. Cognitively Guided Instruction is another strategy to implement Vygotsky’s theory. This strategy involves the teacher and students exploring math problems and then sharing their different problem solving strategies in an open dialogue (Riddle, 1999). Vygotsky’s social development theory challenges traditional teaching methods. Historically, schools have been organized around recitation teaching. According to Hausfather, (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"the teacher disseminates knowledge to be memorized by the students, who in turn, recite the information back to the teacher†. However, the studies described above offer empirical evidence that learning, based on the social development theory, facilitates cognitive development over other instructional strategies (Riddle, 1999). School structure does not reflect the rapid changes that society is experiencing. Opportunities for social interaction have greatly increased with the introduction and integration of computer technology. Therefore, the social context for learning is transforming as well. Learning relationships can now be formed from distances through cyberspace, whereas collaboration and peer instruction was once only possible in shared physical space (Bacalarski, 1994). Computer technology is a cultural tool that students can use to mediate and internalize their learning. According to Kathryn Crawford (as cited in Riddle, 1999) â€Å"recent research suggest changing the Learning Theories 6 learning contexts with technology is a powerful learning activity†. If schools continue to resist structural change, students will not be as prepared as they should be for the world. Lev Vygotsky lived during the Russian Revolution, a time of great change in his culture. His theory was that biological and cognitive development does not happen apart from each other. These two developments sustain and grow from each other. This is when learning takes place. Because of this theory, his environment of change was a great influence in his own cognitive processes. Learning Theories 7 References Bacalarski, M. C. , (1994). Vygotsky’s Developmental Theories and the Adulthood of Computer Mediated Communication: a Comparison and an Illumination. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://psych. hanover. edu/vygotsky/bacalar. html. Funderstanding, (2001). Vygotsky and Social Cognition. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from http://www. funderstanding. com/vygotsky. cfm. Kearsley, G. , (1998). Social Development (Vygotsky). Retrieved November 9, 2003 from http://members. aol. com/daidpeal/vygotsky. html. Riddle, E. M. , (1999). Lev Vygotsky’s Social Development Theory. Retrieved November 7, 2003 from www. kihd. gmu. edu/immersion/knowledgebase/theorists/constructivism/vygotsky.

The Library Of Congress Library - 783 Words

skip navigation Library of Congress ASK A LIBRARIAN DIGITAL COLLECTIONS LIBRARY CATALOGS Search Search Loc.gov Suggestions enabled.GO Library of Congress Prints Photographs Reading Room Prints Photographs Online Catalog Prints and Photographs Division PPOC Home About PPOC PPOC collections Search Tips Download Tips Browse By: Creator/Related Names Subjects Formats More Resources Prints Photographs Reading Room Ask a Prints Photographs Librarian Prints Photographs Online Catalog Print Subscribe Share/Save Search All GO Advanced | Help Featured CollectionsCivil War Image from Johnston (Frances Benjamin) Collection Johnston (Frances Benjamin) Collection Image from Highsmith (Carol M.) Archive Highsmith (Carol M.) Archive Image from Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs Image from Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record/Historic American Landscapes Survey Image from Posters: WPA Posters Posters: WPA Posters Image from Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Black-and-White Negatives 12 All Collections | View All with Description View All with Description Abdul Hamid II Collection Abdul Hamid II Collection Ansel Adams s Photographs ofShow MoreRelatedThe Library of Congress2972 Words   |  12 PagesbHISTORY/bbrThe Library of congress was established by an act of congress on April 24, 1800. It was originally housed in the United States capitol. 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