Box Jellyfish Facts (Cubozoa)

The box jellyfish is an invertebrate in the class Cubozoa. It gets both its common name and class name for the boxy shape of its bell. However, its not actually a jellyfish. Like true jellyfish, it belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, but a box jellyfish has a cube-shaped bell, four sets of tentacles, and a more advanced nervous system. Fast Facts: Box Jellyfish Scientific Name: CubozoaCommon Names: Box jellyfish, sea wasp, Irukandji jellyfish, common kingslayerBasic Animal Group: InvertebrateSize: Up to 1 foot diameter and 10 feet longWeight: Up to 4.4 poundsLifespan: 1 yearDiet: CarnivoreHabitat: Tropical and subtropical oceansPopulation: UnknownConservation Status: Not evaluated Description Cubozoans are easily recognized by the square, boxy shape of their bell. The edge of the bell folds in to form a shelf called a velarium. A trunk-like appendage called a manubrium sits near the center of the underside of the bell. The end of the manubrium is the box jellyfishs mouth. The interior of the bell contains a central stomach, four gastric pockets, and eight gonads. One or more long, hollow tentacles descend from each of the four corners of the bell. The box jellyfish has a nerve ring that coordinates pulsing required for movement and processes information from its four true eyes (complete with corneas, lenses, and retinas) and twenty simple eyes. Statoliths near the eyes help the animal discern orientation with respect to gravity. Box jellyfish size depends on species, but some can reach 7.9 inches wide along each box side or 12 inches in diameter and have tentacles up to 9.8 feet in length. A large specimen may weigh 4.4 pounds. Species Nearly microscopic box jellyfish. Billy Huynh  / Getty Images As of 2018, 51 box jellyfish species had been described. However, undiscovered species likely exist. The class Cubozoa contains two orders and eight families: Order Carybdeida Family AlatinidaeFamily CarukiidaeFamily CarybdeidaeFamily TamoyidaeFamily Tripedaliidae Order Chirodropida Family ChirodropidaeFamily ChiropsalmidaeFamily Chiropsellidae Species known to inflict potentially lethal stings include Chironex fleckeri (the sea wasp), Carukia barnesi (the Irukandji jellyfish), and Malo kingi (the common kingslayer). Habitat and Range Box jellyfish live in tropical and subtropical seas, including the Atlantic Ocean, eastern Pacific Ocean, and Mediterranean Sea. The highly venomous species are found in the Indo-Pacific region. Box jellyfish occur as far north as California and Japan and as far south as South Africa and New Zealand. Diet Box jellyfish are carnivores. They eat small fish, crustaceans, worms, jellyfish, and other small prey. Box jellyfish actively hunt prey. They swim at speeds up to 4.6 miles per hour and use stinging cells on their tentacles and bell to inject venom into their targets. Once prey is paralyzed, the tentacles bring food to the animals mouth, where it enters the gastric cavity and is digested. The box jellyfish digests prey in the stomach inside its bell. Damocean / Getty Images Behavior Box jellyfish also use their venom to defend against predators, which include crabs, batfish, rabbitfish, and butterfish. Sea turtles eat box jellyfish and appear to be unaffected by the stings. Because they can see and swim, box jellyfish appear to behave more like fish than jellyfish. Reproduction and Offspring The box jellyfish life cycle involves both sexual and asexual reproduction. Mature medusae (the box form) migrate to estuaries, rivers, and marshes to breed. After the male transfers spermatophores to the female and fertilizes her eggs, her bell fills with larvae called planulae. The planulae leave the female and float until they find a solid attachment site. A planula develops tentacles and becomes a polyp. The polyp grows 7 to 9 tentacles and reproduces asexually by budding. It then undergoes metamorphosis into a juvenile medusa with four primary tentacles. The time required for metamorphosis depends on water temperature, but is around 4 to 5 days. The medusa form reaches sexual maturity after 3 to 4 months and lives about one year. Conservation Status The International Union for Conservation of Nature has not evaluated any Cubozoan species for a conservation status. Generally, box jellyfish are abundant within their range. Threats Box jellyfish face the usual threats to aquatic species. These include climate change, severe weather, prey depletion from overfishing and other causes, pollution, and habitat loss and degradation. Box Jellyfish and Humans Vinegar is the most common treatment for jellyfish, box jellyfish, and man o war stings. Mataya / Getty Images Although the box jellyfish is the worlds most venomous animal, only a few species have caused fatalities and some species are considered harmless to humans. The largest and most venomous box jellyfish, Chironex fleckeri, is responsible for at least 64 deaths since 1883. Its venom has an LD50 (dose which kills half the test subjects) of 0.04 mg/kg. To put that into perspective, the LD50 for the highly venomous coral snake is 1.3 mg/kg! The venom causes cells to leak potassium, resulting in hyperkalemia that potentially leads to cardiovascular collapse within 2 to 5 minutes. Antidotes include zinc gluconate and a drug developed using CRISPR gene editing. However, the most common first aid treatment is removal of tentacles followed by application of vinegar to the sting. Dead box jellyfish bells and tentacles can still sting. However, wearing pantyhose or lycra protects against stings because the fabric serves as a barrier between the animal and the skin chemicals that trigger a response. Sources Fenner, P.J. and J.A. Williamson. Worldwide deaths and severe envenomation from jellyfish stings. The Medical Journal of Australia. 165 (11–12): 658–61 (1996).Gurska, Daniela and Anders Garm. Cell Proliferation in Cubozoan Jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Alatina moseri. PLoS ONE 9(7): e102628. 2014. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0102628Nilsson, D.E.; Gislà ©n, L.; Coates, M.M.; Skogh, C.; Garm, A. Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye. Nature. 435 (7039): 201–5 (May 2005). doi:10.1038/nature03484Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. Invertebrate Zoology (7th ed.). Cengage Learning. pp. 153–154 (2004). ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.Williamson, J.A.; Fenner, P.J.; Burnett, J.W.; Rifkin, J., eds. Venomous and Poisonous Marine Animals: A Medical and Biological Handbook. Surf Life Saving Australia and University of New North Wales Press Ltd. (1996). ISBN 0-86840-279-6.

The Cost Of Not Caring For Those With Mental Illness

The Cost of not Caring for those with Mental Illness Mental health issues are on the rise, especially among the youth, 6 out of 10 young people do not receive mental health treatment for major depression. Currently, there are over 40 million Americans are dealing with a mental health issue and 56 percent of them are not receiving proper treatment. (mentalhealthAmerica). In addition, 33 percent of all homeless individuals have a mental illness and do not receive treatment. With the rise of mental health issues, the funding for mental illness should also increase to meet the need. If additional funds were put into mental health care, no or low-cost mental health care treatment and early detection screenings could be offered to those who†¦show more content†¦This growing burden amounts to a huge cost in terms of human misery, disability, and economic loss†. Detecting mental illness as early as possible is important to receive the best treatment and overall outcome. Appro ximately one in five people live with a mental illness and as the population continues to increase it is inevitable that the mental illness rates will also continue to rise. Suicide rates are at a 30-year high. Nearly 800,000 people commit suicide each year in the United States. (World Health Organization). Nearly every 30 seconds someone has completed a suicide, in addition, for every suicide that is completed, 20 people have tried to end their lives. Approximately 90% of all suicides committed in the United States have a direct relation to mental illness. The president and CEO of Mental Health America, Paul Gionfriddo, stated that â€Å"We must improve access to care and treatments, and we need to put a premium on early identification and early intervention for everyone with mental health concerns.† (mentalhealthAmerica). Without proper treatment and early detection, many families will continue to be affected by mental illness. 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Women Education in India Free Essays

Women`s education in India has been one of the major issues of concern of the Government of India as well as the society at large. It is because of the fact that today the educated women play a very significant role in overall development and progress of the country. Women hold a prominent position in the Indian society as well as all over the world. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Education in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, since the prehistoric times women were denied opportunities and had to suffer for the hegemonic masculine ideology. Thus, this unjustifiable oppression had resulted into a movement that fought to achieve the equal status of women all over the world. Women Education in India is the consequence of such progress and this led to the tremendous improvement of women`s condition through out the world. Nevertheless eradication of female illiteracy is considered as a major concern today. In the recent era, the Indian society has established a number of institutions for the educational development of women and girls. These educational institutions aim for immense help and are concerned with the development of women. Women`s Education in Ancient India In ancient India, women and girls received less education than men. This was due to the set social norms. Interestingly,in the Vedic period women had access to education, but gradually they had lost this right. Women education in ancient India prevailed during the early Vedic period. In addition to that Indian scriptures Rig Veda and Upanishads mention about several women sages and seers. Women enjoyed equivalent position and rights in the early Vedic era. However, after 500 B. C, the position of women started to decline. The Islamic invasion played a vital role in restricting freedom and rights of the women. A radical change attended and there was a terrific constraint for Women education in India. Women`s Education in Medieval India Women education in medieval India further deteriorated with the introduction of Purdah system. Different customs and conventions of diverse religions like Hindu, Islam, and Christian further deteriorated the state of women in the country. A range of socio religious movements contributed to the development of women literacy in the country. Many leaders took several initiatives to make education available to the women of India. The ordered form of women education in India was incorporated in the early centuries of the Christian era. Women`s Education in Colonial India The position of the women education in India revived with the invasion of the British in the country and with the advent of Bhakti movement. The colonial period also introduced the institutional form of imparting learning. Women education in Colonial India witnessed an essential expansion. Various movements were launched to make women of the country literate. Furthermore, this progress journeyed through the years and influenced the modern Indian education system. Women`s Education in Modern India Women Education in Modern India is traced back to the years after the independence of the country. In the present times, the government of India takes measures to provide education to all women of the country. Women literacy rate seemingly rose in the modern days. Women education in India became a compulsory concern and female literacy has gone higher that male literacy. At present, the constitution of India guarantees free primary school education for both boys and girls up to age 14. Education in India plays a vital role in the overall development of the country. This proves that educated women promote education in their family. Further, learned women can also help in the lessening of child death rate and expansion of population. In the modern era, women education is the replica of a Vedic model for instructive inspiration. How to cite Women Education in India, Papers Women Education in India Free Essays Introduction: The men and the women are the two wheels of the society. If one of the two falls defective, the society cannot make progress. Hence we need education for the females as we need for the males. We will write a custom essay sample on Women Education in India or any similar topic only for you Order Now Advantages: The female education is highly necessary for the society. Because mothers are the first teachers of the children. They are the first teachers of the future citizens of the country. If the mothers be ignorant, they cannot take proper care of the children. They cannot infuse good qualities in them. Hence, the very foundation of our people will remain weak, if the females will be ignorant the society will lose the services of a powerful part of our society. So, female education is quite necessary for the girls. The women are in no way inferior to men. In western countries the women are writing books, driving cars and aero-planes, running banks and big business firms and doing research in the laboratory. There are women scientists, women officers and women writers. The typewriters, the news agents, the sales agents the commercial solicitors are mostly women. Hence, we cannot decry the women-folk in our country. Disadvantages: But the female education has some disadvantages too. It is found in Europe and America that the educated women do not want to bear children. They do not like their children. They leave them in the nursery, more out of their disgust than for any other reason. But the defect does not lie in education as a principle. The defect lies in the curriculums. If they learn what the males learn then naturally they will like to be like males. So, separate courses of study should be prepared for the females. Present position: Indians are conservative by nature. So, their blind faith and age old superstition stood against the female education. Now, people have felt the virtue of female education. The do not hesitate to send their daughters to schools. Now in India we find women professors, lady doctors, lady scientists, lady politicians and lady ministers. But a large number of women are still in dark. They should be educated in the interest of our national progress. conclusion: India is now optimistic in the field of female education. We had the female philosophers like Gargi, Maritreyi and Viswabara in the Vedic age. We had Mirabai, Ahalyabi, Durgabati and Laxmibai in the days of history. They were all learned. Hence, we had a great tradition during the days of our degeneration. Now, we have revived. So, we will certainly revive the female education in India. How to cite Women Education in India, Papers